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The United States embargo against Cuba (in Cuba called ''el bloqueo'', "the blockade") is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. An embargo was first imposed by the United States on Cuba on 19 October 1960 (almost two years after the Batista regime was deposed by the Cuban Revolution) when the U.S. placed an embargo on exports to Cuba except for food and medicine after Cuba nationalized American-owned Cuban oil refineries without compensation. Cuba nationalized the refineries following Eisenhower's decision to cancel 700,000 tons of sugar imports from Cuba to the U.S.〔(Ike Slashes Sugar Quotas, Chicago Tribune, July 7 1960 )〕 and refused to export oil to the island, leaving it reliant on Russian crude oil. All American oil companies refused to refine Russian oil, leading the Cuban government to nationalize the refineries.〔(Cuba Seizes Oil Plants of Two More Firms, Chicago Tribune, July 2 1960 )〕〔http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/01/12/how-obama-could-end-the-cuban-embargo〕 On 7 February 1962 the embargo was extended to include almost all imports. Currently, the Cuban embargo is enforced mainly through six statutes: the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the Helms–Burton Act of 1996, and the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000. The stated purpose of the ''Cuban Democracy Act'' of 1992 is to maintain sanctions on Cuba so long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward "democratization and greater respect for human rights". The Helms–Burton Act further restricted United States citizens from doing business in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government in Havana unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met. In 1999, President Bill Clinton expanded the trade embargo by also disallowing foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies to trade with Cuba. In 2000, Clinton authorized the sale of "humanitarian" U.S. products to Cuba. Despite the Spanish term ''bloqueo'' (blockade), there has been no physical, naval blockade of the country by the United States after the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=515 - The President's News Conference November 20, 1962 )〕 The United States does not block Cuba's trade with third parties: other countries are not under the jurisdiction of U.S. domestic laws, such as the Cuban Democracy Act (although, in theory, foreign countries that trade with Cuba could be penalised by the U.S., which has been condemned as an "extraterritorial" measure that contravenes "the sovereign equality of States, non-intervention in their internal affairs and freedom of trade and navigation as paramount to the conduct of international affairs."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Speakers Denounce Cuban Embargo as ‘Sad Echo’ of Failed Cold War Politics; General Assembly, for Twentieth Year, Demands Lifting of Economic Blockade )〕). Cuba can, and does, conduct international trade with many third-party countries;〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=European Union, Trade in goods with Cuba )〕 Cuba has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cuba - Member information )〕 Beyond criticisms of Human rights in Cuba, the United States holds $6 billion worth of financial claims against the Cuban government.〔 The Poblete DC, 08/04/08〕 The pro-embargo position is that the U.S. embargo is, in part, an appropriate response to these unaddressed claims.〔 "Focus" Issue 165, 05/21/12.〕 The Latin America Working Group argues that pro-embargo Cuban-American exiles, whose votes are crucial in Florida, have swayed many politicians to also adopt similar views.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ignored Majority – The Moderate Cuban-American Community )〕 The Cuban-American views have been opposed by some business leaders who argue that trading freely would be good for Cuba and the United States. At present, the embargo, which limits American businesses from conducting business with Cuban interests, is still in effect and is the most enduring trade embargo in modern history. Despite the existence of the embargo, the United States is the fifth largest exporter to Cuba (6.6% of Cuba's imports are from the US). However, Cuba must pay cash for all imports, as credit is not allowed. The UN General Assembly has, since 1992, passed a resolution every year condemning the ongoing impact of the embargo and declaring it to be in violation of the Charter of the United Nations and international law. In 2014, out of the 193-nation assembly, 188 countries voted for the nonbinding resolution, the United States and Israel voted against and the Pacific island nations Palau, Marshall Islands and Micronesia abstained.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/28/us-cuba-un-idUSKBN0IH1RN20141028 )〕〔 Human rights groups including Amnesty International,〔 Human Rights Watch, and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2011/Chap4Cuba.doc )〕 have also been critical of the embargo. Critics of the embargo say that the embargo laws are too harsh, citing the fact that violations can result in 10 years in prison. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States embargo against Cuba」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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